Research Article
Chaker Mbadra
Chaker Mbadra
Corresponding
Author
Olive
Institute, University of Sfax, Road Aeroport km2, Sfax, Tunisia.
And
Faculty
of sciences, department of biology, University of Sfax, Road Aeroport km2,
Sfax, Tunisia. E-mail: chakermarai@yahoo.com,
Tel: +216 26086066
Kamel Gargouri
Kamel Gargouri
Olive
Institute, University of Sfax, Road Aeroport km2, Sfax, Tunisia.
Hadda Ben Mbarek
Hadda Ben Mbarek
Olive
Institute, University of Sfax, Road Aeroport km2, Sfax, Tunisia.
And
Faculty of sciences, department of biology, University of Sfax, Road Aeroport km2, Sfax, Tunisia. E-mail: chakermarai@yahoo.com, Tel: +216 26086066
Lina Trabelsi
Lina Trabelsi
Olive
Institute, University of Sfax, Road Aeroport km2, Sfax, Tunisia.
Benita Kalicharan
Benita Kalicharan
School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa.
Bhekumtheto Ncube
Bhekumtheto Ncube
School
of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville,
South Africa.
Nabil Soua
Nabil Soua
Olive
Institute, University of Sfax, Road Aeroport km2, Sfax, Tunisia.
SemiaEllouz Chaabouni
SemiaEllouz Chaabouni
National
School of Engineers of Sfax, department of biology, University of Sfax, Road
Soukra km 4 Sfax, Tunisia.
Abstract
The
metal contamination’s study focused on soils and olive trees near three roads
in the Sfax region (Gremda, Manzel chaker and Tunis road). This study has shown
that Gremda soils are contaminated with Pb and Zn up to a distance of 50m,
while for the Tunis and Manzel Chaker roads, the lead contamination does not
exceed 25m. For Zn, there is contamination up to 50m from the Gremda and Tunis
roads, and no more than 25m for the Manzel Chaker road. Likewise, we have noted
that the absence of copper contamination. Only a few sites on Gremda road are
contaminated with Cr. This soil contamination leads to the root accumulation of
Pb and Zn in the roots of olive trees, especially near Gremda road. These
metals are transferred from the roots to the leaves, disrupting physiological
mechanisms such as soluble sugars. The study of the olive oil quality showed
that the oil of Manzel Chaker trees is less affected than the oil of Gremda and
Tunis trees. The results of Olive oil analyses revealed the reduction of oleic
acid and the increase of the palmitic one in the case of Gremda and Tunis
roads.
Abstract Keywords
Soil, metal contamination, root accumulation, soluble sugars, olive oil. roads
Abstract
The
metal contamination’s study focused on soils and olive trees near three roads
in the Sfax region (Gremda, Manzel chaker and Tunis road). This study has shown
that Gremda soils are contaminated with Pb and Zn up to a distance of 50m,
while for the Tunis and Manzel Chaker roads, the lead contamination does not
exceed 25m. For Zn, there is contamination up to 50m from the Gremda and Tunis
roads, and no more than 25m for the Manzel Chaker road. Likewise, we have noted
that the absence of copper contamination. Only a few sites on Gremda road are
contaminated with Cr. This soil contamination leads to the root accumulation of
Pb and Zn in the roots of olive trees, especially near Gremda road. These
metals are transferred from the roots to the leaves, disrupting physiological
mechanisms such as soluble sugars. The study of the olive oil quality showed
that the oil of Manzel Chaker trees is less affected than the oil of Gremda and
Tunis trees. The results of Olive oil analyses revealed the reduction of oleic
acid and the increase of the palmitic one in the case of Gremda and Tunis
roads.
Keywords
Soil, metal contamination, root accumulation, soluble sugars, olive oil. roads
References
1.
Bayor, M.T.; Gbedema, S.Y.; Annan, K.
The antimicrobial activity of Croton membranaceus, a species used in
formulations for measles in Ghana. J. Pharmacognosy Phytother, 2009, 1, 47-51.
2.
Khan, Z.I.; Ugulu I.; Sahira, S.;
Mehmood, N.; Ahmad, k.; Bashir, H.; Dogan, Y.
Human health risk assessment through the comparative analysis of diverse
irrigation regimes for Luffa (Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem), J. Water Sanit. Hyg.
Dev. 2020, 249-261.
3.
Ben Abdallah, F.; Henchi, B.; Boukhris,
M. Réponses des végétaux d'une région aride à une pollution atmosphérique
double (S02 et composés fluorés). Pollut Atmos 1994, 143, 117-22.
4.
Deruelle, S. Ecology of lichens in the
Paris Basin. Impact of atmospheric
pollution (fertilizer, SO2, Pb) and relationship with climatic factors. Ph.D.
Thesis, University P. and M.Curie, Paris. 1983.
5.
Nieboer, E.; Richardson, D.H.S.; Lavoie,
P.; Padovan, D. The role of metal ion
binding in modifying the toxic effects of sulfurdioxide on the lichen. Umbilicaria muhlenbergii. New phytol.
1979, 82, 621-632.
6.
Philippe, G.; J aouich, A.; Alex, J.F.R.
La phyto-restauration des sols contaminés on Quebec. Vecteur environnement,
1998, 40-53.
7.
Sezgin, N.; Ozcan, H. K.; Demir,G.; Nemlioglu,S.;
Bayat,C. Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dust in
Istanbul E-5 highway. Environ. Int.
2003, 979-985.
8.
Çelik, A.; Kartal, A.A.; Akdoğan, K.Y.
Determining the heavymetal pollution in Denizli (Turkey) by using Robinio pseudoacacia L. Environ Int.
2005, 31, 105–112.
9.
Nowrouzi, M.; Pourkhabbaz, A.
Application of geo-accumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal
contamination in the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran, Chem.
Speciation Bioavailability.2014, 26:2, 99-105.
10.
Barbieri, M. The Importance of
Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) to Evaluate the Soil
Contamination. J. Geol. Geophys. 2016, doi:10.4172/2381-8719.1000237
11.
Singh, R.; Singh, D.P.; Kumar, N.;
Bhargava. K.; Barman, S. Accumulation and translocation of heavymetals in soil
and plants from fly ash contaminated area. J Environ Biol. 2010, 31, 421-3.
12.
Rahimi, G.; Kolahchi, Z.; Charkhabi, A.
Uptake and translocation of some heavy metals by rice crop (Oryza sativa) in paddy soils.
Agriculture (Ponohospodárstvo), 2017, 63, 163−175.
13.
Usman, K.; Al-Ghouti, M.A.; Abu-Dieyeh,
M.H. The assessment of cadmium, chromium, copper, and nickel tolerance and
bioaccumulation by shrub plant Tetraena
qataranse. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9(1), 56-58. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42029-9
14.
Tomasevic, M.; Vukmirovic, Z.; Rajsic,
S.; Tasic, M.; Stevanovic, B. Characterization of trace metal particles deposited
on some deciduous tree leaves in an urban area. Chemosphere 2005, 61, 753–760.
15.
Maisto, G.; Alfani, A.; Baldantoni, D.;
De Marco, A.; De Santo, A.V. Trace metals in the soil and in Quercus ilex L.
leaves at anthropic and remote sites of the Campania Region of Italy. Geoderma.
2004, 122, 269–279.
16.
Madejón, P.; Marañón, T.; Murillo, J.;
Robinson, B. In defense of plants as biomonitors of soil quality. Environ.
Pollut. 2006,11, 008
17.
Aghabarati, A; Hossein, I.S.M.;
Maralian, H. Heavy metal contamination of soil and olive trees (Olea europaea L.) in sub urban areas of
Tehran, Iran. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 2008, 2, 323-329
18.
Çelik, A.; Kartal, A.A.; Akdoğan, K.Y.
Determining the heavy metal pollution in Denizli (Turkey) by using Robinio
pseudo acacia L. Environ. Int. 2005, 31,105–112.
19.
Rossini, O. S.; Mingorance, M.D.
Assessment of air borne heavy metal pollution by aboveground plant parts.
Chemosphere. 2006, 177-182.
20.
Al-Khlaifat, A.L.; Al-Khashman, O.A.
Atmospheric heavy metal pollution in Aqaba city, Jordan, using Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves. Atmos
Environ. 2007, 41:8891–8897
21.
Gratani, L.; Crescente, M.F.; Varone, L.
Long-term monitoring of metal pollution by urban trees. Atmos. Environ. 2008,
42, 8273–8277.
22.
Motilva, M.J.; Tovar, M.; Romero, M.P.;
Alegre, S.; Girona, J. Influence of regulated deficit irrigation regimes
applied to olive trees (Arbequina
cultivar) on oil yield and oil composition during the fruit ripening
period. J. Sci. Food Agric, 2000, 80(14), 2037–2043.
23.
Sanchez, J.; Harwood, J.L. Biosynthesis
of triacylglycerols and volatiles in olives. EJLST. 2002, 104, 564-573
24.
Ben Abdallah, F.; Boukhriss, M. Action
des polluants atmosphériques sur la région de Sfax (Tunisie). Rev. Pollutatmos.
1990, 127, 292-297.
25.
Mezghanni, I. Study of the accumulation
of fluorine and cadmium in plants in the region of Sfax. Effect of the
synthesis of two defense proteins : β, 1, 3-glucanases and chitinases, P, Ph.D.
Thesis. Faculty of Sciences of Sfax. 2001.
26.
Elloumi, N.; Ben Abdallah, F.;
Mezghanni, I.; Boukhris, M. Accumulation du Pb par quelques espèces végétales
cultivées au voisinage d’une fonderie de plomb à Sfax. Pollut. Atmos. 2003,
178, 285-295.
27.
Azri, C.; Maalej, A.; Medhioub, k.
Evolution of atmospheric pollutants in the city of Sfax (Tunisia) (October
1996-June 1997). Atmósfera 2007, 20(3), 223-246.
28.
Ben Ahmed, C.; Zouari, M.; Fourati, R.;
Sellami, I.; Ben Abdallah, F. Oil quality characteristics of Chemlali olive
tree (Olea europaea L.) grown under air fluoride pollution in arid
region in Tunisia. Int. J. Plant Biol. Res. 2015, 3(3), 1041.
29.
Fourati, R.; Scopa, A.; Ahmed C.; Abdallah,
F.; Terzano, R.; Gattullo, C.; Allegretta, I.; Galgano, F.; Caruso M.; Sofo A.
Leaf biochemical responses and fruit oil quality parameters in olive plants
subjected to air borne metal pollution. Chemosphere. 2017, 11, 041.
30.
McGrath, S.P.; Cunliffe, C.H. A
simplified method for the extraction of the metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Co
and Mn from soils and sewage sludges. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1985, 36, 794–798.
31.
Hang, X.; Wang, H.; Zhou, J.; Ma, C.H.;
Du, C.H.; Chen, X. Risk assessment of potentially toxic element pollution in
soils and rice (Oryza sativa) in a
typical area of the Yangtze River Delt. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 2542–2549.
32.
Singh, J.; Upadhyay, S.K.; Pathak, R.K.;
Gupta, V. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa),
irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake, Gorakhpur, UP, India. Toxicol. Environ.
Chem. 2011, 93, 462–473.
33.
Jung, M.C.; Thornton, I. Environmental
contamination and seasonal variation of metals in soils, plants and waters in
the paddy fields around a Pb and Zn mine in Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 1997,
198, 105-121.
34.
Tiwari, S.; Payra, S.; Mohan, M.; Verma, S.; Bisht, D.S. Visibility degradation during foggy period due to
anthropogenicurban aerosol at Delhi, India. APR. 2011, 2,
116-120
35.
McCready, R.M.; Guggolz, J.; Silviera, V.; Owens , H.S.
Determination of Starch and Amylose in Vegetables. Anal. Chem. 1950, 22,
1156–1158.
36.
Strain, H.H.; Benjamin, T. C.; Walter,
A. S. Analytical procedures for the isolation, identification, estimation, and
investigation of the chlorophylls, Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, 1971,
23, 452-476
37.
Bacelar, E.A.; Santos, D.L.;
Moutinho-Pereira J.M.; Gonçalves, B.C.; Ferreira, H.F.; Correia, C.M. Immediate responses and adaptative strategies
of three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes: changes
on structure and chemical composition of foliage and oxidative damage. Plant
Sci. 2006, 170(3), 596–605
38.
Minquez-Mosquera, M.I.; Gandul, B.;
Garrido, J. Pigments presents in virgin olive oil. JAOCS. 1990, 67, 192-196.
39.
Serbaji, M. Using a multi-source GIS for
understanding and integrated management of the coastal ecosystem of the region
of Sfax (Tunisia). Ph.D. Thesis. University of Tunis, Tunisia, 2000
40.
Aslam, J.; Khan, S.; Khan, S. Heavy
metals contamination in roadside soil near different traffic signals in Dubai,
United Arab Emirates. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2013, 17, 315-319.
41.
Radomirovic, M.; Cirovi, Ž.; Maksin, D.;
Bakic, T.; Luki, J.; Stankovic, S.;
Onjia, A. Ecological Risk
Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil at a Former Painting Industry Facility.
Front. Environ. Sci. 2020, 8, 560415.
42.
Zheng, C.; Hua, P.; Krebs, P. Influences
of land use and antecedent dry weather period on pollution level and ecological
risk of heavy metals in road-deposited sediment. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 228,
158-168.
43.
Christoforidis, A.; Stamatis, N. Heavy metal
contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in
Kavala's region, Greece, Geoderma. 2009, 257-263.
44.
Qasem, J.; Adnan,M.; Mohammed, Z.;
Bahia, M. Heavy metal contamination of soil, plant and air of scrapyard
of discarded vehicles at Zarqa city, Jordan , J. Soil Contam. 2005, 449–462
45.
Harrison, R.M.; Laxen, D.P.H.; Wilson,
S.J. Chemical associations of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in street dusts
and road side soil. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 1981, 15(11), 1378-1383.
46.
Okunola, O. J.; Uzairu, A.; Ndukwe, G.
Levels of trace metals in soil and vegetation along major and minor roads in
metropolitan city of Kaduna, Nigeria. AJB, 2007, 6 (14), 1703-1709.
47.
Singh, D.; Nath, K.; Sharma, Y.K.
Response of wheat seed germination and Seedling growth under copper stress. J.
Environ Biol. 2011, 28, 409-14.
48.
Eliwa, A.M.; Kmael, E.A.R. Olive plants
(Olea europea L.) as bio-indicator for pollution. PJBS.2013, 16 (12),
551-557.
49.
Farmer, A.M. The Effects of Dust On
Vegetation - A Review. Environ. Pollut.1993, 79(1), 63-75.
50.
McCrea, P.R. An assessment of the
effects of road dusts on agricultural production systems. Research Report No.
156. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev, Unit Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand.
1984.
51.
Nanos, G.D.; Ilias, I.F. Effects of
inert dust on olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf physiological parameters.
Env. Sci. Poll. Res. Int. 2007, 14, 212-214. http://doi.org/ /10.1065/espr2007,
08.327
52.
Astolfi, S.; Zuchi, S.; Passera, C. Role
of Sulphur availability on cadmium-induced changes of nitrogen and sulphur
metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. J. Plant Physiol. 2004, 161,
795–802.
53.
Gill, S.S.; Khana, N.A.; Tuteja, N.
Cadmium at high dose perturbs growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism
while at low dose it up regulates sulfur assimilation and antioxidant machinery
in gardencress (Lepidium sativum L.). Plant Sci. 2012, 182, 112–120.
54.
Goldbach, H.E.; Grill, J.B.; Lendeman,
N.; Porzelt, M.; Horrmann, C.; Lupp, G.B. Influence of boron on net proton
release and its relation to other metabolic processes. Curr. Topics Plant
Biochem. Physiol. 1991, 10, 195–220.
55.
Le Guédard, M.; Faure, O.; Bessoule,
J.J. Early changes in the fattyacid composition of photosynthetic membrane
lipids from Populus nigra grown on a
metallurgical and fill. Chemosphere. 2012, 693–698.
56.
Wani, PA.; Khan, M.S.; Zaidi, A. An evaluation
of the
effects of heavy metals on the growth, seed yield
and grain protein of lentil in pots.
Ann. Appl. Biol. (Suppl TAC). 2006, 27, 23–24.
57.
Larcher, W. Physiological plant
ecology:Ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups. Berlin
Heidelberg New York: Springer. 1995.
58.
Souahi, H.; Chebout, A.; Akrout, K.;
Massaoud, N.; Gacem, R. Physiological responses to lead exposure in wheat,
barley and oat. Environmental Challenges. 2021.
4, ISSN 2667-0100.
59.
Boskow, D. Changes caused by enzymes and
oxidation. In D Boskow. Olive oil:Chem. Technol. Champaign, IL, USA: AOCS
Press.1996, 96-100.
60.
Gutiérrez, F.; Jímenez, B.; Ruíz, A.;
Albi, M.A..Effect of olive ripeness on the oxidative stability of virgin olive
oil extracted from the varieties picual and hojiblanca and on the different
components involved. See comment in PubMed Commons below J. Agric. Food Chem.
1999, 47, 121-127.
61.
Salvador, M.D.; Aranda, F.; Fregapane,
G. Influence of fruit ripening on
Cornicabra virgin olive oil. A study for four crop seasons. Food Chem. 2001,
73, 45-53.
62.
Motilva, M.J.; Tovar, M.; Romero, M.P.;
Alegre, S.; Girona, J. Influence of regulated deficit irrigation regimes
applied to olive trees (Arbequina
cultivar) on oil yield and oil composition during the fruit ripening
period, J. Sci. Food Agric. 2000, 80(14), 2037–2043.
63.
D’Imperio S.; Lehr, C.R.; Breary M.; McDermott,
T.R. Autecology of an arsenite chemolithotroph: sulfide constraints on function
and distribution in a geothermal spring. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 2007, 73,
7067–7074.
64.
Gomez-Rico, A.; Salvador, M.D.; Moriana,
M.D.; Pérez, D.; Olmedilla, N. Changes in the HPLC phenolic profile of virgin
olive oil from young trees (Olea europaea L. Cv. Arbequina) grown under
different deficit irrigation strategies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50,
5349-5354.
65.
Sanchez, J.; Harwood, J.L. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and volatiles
in olives. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2002, 104, 564-573.
This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution
4.0
License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Abstract
The
metal contamination’s study focused on soils and olive trees near three roads
in the Sfax region (Gremda, Manzel chaker and Tunis road). This study has shown
that Gremda soils are contaminated with Pb and Zn up to a distance of 50m,
while for the Tunis and Manzel Chaker roads, the lead contamination does not
exceed 25m. For Zn, there is contamination up to 50m from the Gremda and Tunis
roads, and no more than 25m for the Manzel Chaker road. Likewise, we have noted
that the absence of copper contamination. Only a few sites on Gremda road are
contaminated with Cr. This soil contamination leads to the root accumulation of
Pb and Zn in the roots of olive trees, especially near Gremda road. These
metals are transferred from the roots to the leaves, disrupting physiological
mechanisms such as soluble sugars. The study of the olive oil quality showed
that the oil of Manzel Chaker trees is less affected than the oil of Gremda and
Tunis trees. The results of Olive oil analyses revealed the reduction of oleic
acid and the increase of the palmitic one in the case of Gremda and Tunis
roads.
Abstract Keywords
Soil, metal contamination, root accumulation, soluble sugars, olive oil. roads
This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution
4.0
License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
License.(CC BY-NC 4.0).