Abstract

Anacardium occidental L. is a plant of great economic importance, but its cultivation is confronted with problems of infection, growth and development due to the poor quality of the seeds, which are affected by fungal diseases that lead to crop losses. The objective of this study is to improve cashew nut production by treating the seeds with plant extracts before sowing. To achieve this objective, cashew seeds accessions in Cameroon and Chad were soaked in extracts of Azadirachta indica , Calotropis procera and Cassia occidentalis for 12 hours for treatment.These seeds were sown in pots containing black soil and sand as substrate to collect data on germination percentage, infection percentage and growth parameters (colar diameter, height, number of leaves, seedling vigor and plant vigor). The results showed that the seeds of the of the Koumra and Garoua accessions treated with A. indica extract at all concentrations showed 100 % germination and 0 % infection. Similarly, all seedlings from the seeds treated with the different plant extracts showed significantly higher crown diameters, heights, number of leaves and seedling vigor than seedlings from non-treated seeds. These results suggest the use of these plant extracts to reduce cashew seed infections and to enhance seed germination and seedling vigor.

 Keywords

Anacardium occidentalis , seed-borne fungi, plant extracts, germination, growth parameters

 

References

1.           Trevian, D. Cashew ( Anacardium occidental L.) ecotypes from North-Central of Ivory Coast . Fruits. J. 2005, 5(73), 255-264.

2.           Coutinho, IBL; Freire, FCO; Lima, JS; Goncalves, FJT; Machado, AR; Silva, AMS; Cardoso; JE Diversity of genus Lasiodiplodia associated with perennial tropical fruit plant in northeastern Brazil . Plant Pathol. 2016, 66, 90-104.

3.           Adou, M.; Kouassi, AD; Tetchi, FA; Amani, NG Phenolic profile of Cashew ( Anacardium occidental L.) of Yamoussoukro and Korhogo, Ivory Coast. J.Appl. Biosci. 2012, 49(4), 3331-3338.

4.           Balogoun, I.; Saidou, A.; Ahoton, EL; Amadji, LG; Ahohuendo, CB; Adebo, IB; Babatounde, S.; Chougourou, D.; Adoukonou, SH; Ahanchede, A. Characterization of cashew-based production systems in the main cultivation areas in Benin. Agron. Afr. 2014, 26, 9-22.

5.           Lawal, JO; Jaiyeole, CO Economic analysis of cocoa wine produced from cocoa powder. J. Agric. Food Surroundings. 2007, 5(2), 76-77.

6.          Dendena, B.; Corsi, S. Cashew, from seed to market: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2014, 34(4), 753-772.

7.          Sali, B.; Madou, C.; Nome, A.; Kuate, J. Caractérisation socio-économique des grands bassins de productions d’anacardiers (Anacardium occidentale) et étude comportementale de leur peuplement dans le Cameroun septentrional. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2020, 14(6), 2094-2111.

8.          Nugawela, P.; Baldé, A.; Poublanc, C. La chaîne de valeurs anacarde au Sénégal, analyse et cadre stratégique d'initiatives pour la croissance de la filière. Rapport Programme USAID/ Croissance Economique, Sénégal. 2006.

9.          Tuo, G. Analyse de la filière anacarde en Côte d’Ivoire : stratégie de développement et lutte contre la pauvreté. Mémoire de DEA, Université de Bouaké. 2007.

10.       Dedehou, E.S.C.A.; Dossou, J.; Soumanou, M.M. Etude diagnostique des technologies de transformation de la pomme de cajou en jus au Bénin. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2015, 9, 371-387.

11.       ACFAM (Association des Communes Forestières du Cameroun), Etude de faisabilité technique et socio-économique de l’introduction de l’arboriculture d’anacarde par les collectivités territoriales décentralisées en zone de savane sèche du Cameroun. Centre Technique de la Forêt Communale. 2020.

12.       Dieng, F.; Ngom, D.; Dia, D.; Sy, R. Efficience technique de la production d’anacarde (Anacardium occidentale L.) dans les grandes régions de production du Sénégal. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2019, 13(6), 2627-2645.

13.       Marlos, F.; De lacerda, C.; Gomes, F.E.; De Abreu, B.C.; Prisco, T.J. Physiology of cashew plants grown under adverse conditions. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 2007, 19(4), 449-461.

14.       Zombre, C.; Sankara, P.; Ouédraogo, S.L. Natural Infection of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) by Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae in Burkina Faso. Plant Dis. 2016, 100(4), 718-723.

15.       Silué, N.; Abo, K.; Johnson, F.; Camara, B.; Koné, M; Koné, D. Evaluation in vitro et in vivo de trois fongicides de synthèse et d’un fongicide biologique sur la croissance et la sévérité de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides et de Pestalotia heterornis, champignons responsables de maladies foliaires de l’anacardier (anacardium occidentale L.) En Côte d’ivoire. Agron. Afr. 2018, 30, 107-122.

16.       Ngoh-Dooh, J.P.; Mbou, T.P.R.; Asta, D.B.C.; Deurnaye, P.; Djongnang, G.; Boydoul, F.U.; Djile, B.; Ambang, Z. In vitro and in vivo effect of Mancozeb 80 WP on development of Pestalotia heterocornis agent of leaf blight of Cashew in Far North Cameroon. J. Appl. Biosci. 2021, 162, 16694-16706.

17.       Jemal, T.; Yalew, M. Cashew production benefits and opportunities in Ethiopia. J. Agric. Crop Res. 2019, 7(2),18-25.

18.       Mekonnen, G. Review on: Impact of Seed-Borne Pathogens on Seed Quality. American J. Plant Biol. 2020, 5(4), 77-81.

19.       Wonni, I.; Drissa, S.; Ouédraogo, I.; Kassakogno, A.I. Diseases of cashew nut plants (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Burkina Faso. Adv. Plant Agric. Res. 2017, 6(3), 207-216.

20.       Afouda, L.C.A.; Zinsou, V.; Balogoun, R.K.; Onzo, A.; Ahohuendo, B.C. Inventaire des agents pathogènes de l’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) au Bénin. Bull. Rech. Agron. Bénin, 2013, 73, 13-19.

21.       Akhari, K.; Ashirbad, M.; Kunja, B.; Sat, A. Major diseases of cashew (Anacardium occidental L.) Caused by fungi and their control in Odessa. India J. Biosci. 2017, 11(3), 68-74.

22.       Keuete, K.E.; Fomen Y.M.B.; Tsopmbeng N.G.R. Antifungal Potential of Three Plant Extracts in the Control of Some Major Fungi Associated with Cashew Seeds (Anacardium occidentale L.). J. Exp. Agric. Int. 2022, 44(9), 168-179.

23.       Chagas, J.F.R.; Sajio, S.A.; Leao, E.U.; Chagas, A.F.J.; Giongo, M.V.; Raimoundo, W.S.A.; Fidelis, R.R.; Gil, R.D.S. Sanitary analysis, transmissibility and pathogenicity of fungi associated with cashew nuts. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2017, 12(4); 229-236.

24.       Jules, P.N.D.; Christine, B.D.A.; Bouba, D.; Dany, B.T.T.; Alain, H.; Serge, B.M.; William, N.T.K.; Zachée, A. Major fungi diseases of cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Cameroon. J. Agric. Sci. 2020, 13(3): 1,4-134.

25.       Toé, A.M.; Guissou, I.P.; Héma, O.S. Contribution à la toxicologie Agro-Industrielle au Burkina Faso. Etude des intoxications d’agriculteurs par des pesticides en zone cotonnière du Mouhoun. Résultats, analyse et proposition de prise en charge du problème. Rev. Méd. Trav. 2002, 25-30.

26.       Swami, C.S.; Alane, S.K. Efficacy of some botanicals against seed-borne fungi of green gram (Phaseolus aureus ROXB.). Biosci. Discov. 2013, 4, 107-110.

27.       Ashawani, T. In vitro antigungal potency of plant extracts against five phytopathogens. Brazilan Arch. Biol. Techn. Int. J. 2011, 54(6), 1093-1098.

28.       Serferbe, S.; Tsopmbeng, N.G.; Yaouba, A.; Djeugap, F.J.; Keuete K.E. Efficacy of tree local plant extract as seed treatment on the germination, infection and vigour index of two cotton seed varieties from Chad. Int. J. Appl. Biol. and Pharm. Techn. 2015, 6(2), 39-44.

29.       Keuete, K.E.; Tsopmbeng, N.G.; Yaouba, A.; Djeugap, F.J.; Serferbe, S. Antifungal potential of some plant extract against tree post-harvest fungal pathogens of avocado (Persea americana) fruits. Int. J. Multidiscipl. Res. Dev. 2015, 2, 148-152.

30.       Pierre, M.; Lis, M. Secrets des plantes. Edition Artémis, Paris, 2007, 1-463.

31.       Niang, D. Etude de la biologie de la reproduction chez Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae). Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. 2002.

32.       Hamawa, Y.; Dona, A.; Kanmegne, O.N.; Mbaye-Niwah, C. Effet du poids de noix et de la dose d’engrais sur la germination et la croissance de l’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) dans la savane du Nord-Cameroun. Int. J. Agric. Res. 2018, 12, 20-28.

33.       Adjei, J. Investigation into fungal seed-borne pathogens of farmer-saved seed maize (Zea mays L.) collected from three ecological zones of Ghana and efficacy of plant extracts in controlling the pathogens. Thesis of Master, Kwame Nkrumah University. 2011.

34.       Masangwa, J.; Kritzinger, Q.; Aveling, T. Germination and seedling emergence responses of common bean and cowpea to plant extract seed treatments. J. Agric. Sci. 2016, 155, 18-31.

35.       Nwachukwu, E.O.; Umechurube, C.I. Antifungal activities of some leaf extracts on seed-borne fungi of African yam, beans, seed germination and seedling emergence. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag. 2001, 5, 29-32.

36.       Lakshman, P.B.; Ahir, R.R. Evolution of plant extracts and biocontrol agents againts leaf spot disease of brinjal. Indian Phytopathol. 2011, 64(4), 378-380.

37.       Viana, F.M.P.; Cardoso, J.E.; Suraiva H.A.O. First report of a bacterial leaf and fruit spot of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. in Brazil. Plant Dis. 2007, 91, 13-26.

38.        Ngamveng, NN Effect of some plant extracts on germination, fungal infection and seedling vigor of eight varieties of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Master's thesis, University of Dschang, Cameroon. 2022.

39.        Djeugap, JF; Nzuta, C.; Kenmogne, G.; Tekam, P.; Kyalo, M. Molecular Identification of Seed Fungi in Assamela followed by their Protection from Powders and Extracts from Medicinal Plants . Afri. Crop Sci. J. 2018, 26(4), 463-475.