Research Article
Bodepudi Sudheer Chowdary
Bodepudi Sudheer Chowdary
Corresponding
Author
Department of Pharmacology, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh -522101, India.
E-mail: sudheer.chowdary18@gmail.com
Talasila Eswara Gopala Krishna Murthy
Talasila Eswara Gopala Krishna Murthy
Department of Pharmacology, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh -522101, India.
E-mail: gopalakrishnatalasila@yahoo.com
Keerthi Poorna Chandra Rao
Keerthi Poorna Chandra Rao
Department of Pharmacology, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh -522101, India.
E-mail: poorna7575@gmail.com
Cheboyina Pallavi
Cheboyina Pallavi
Department of Pharmacology, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh -522101, India.
E-mail: pallavicheboyina02@gmail.com
Tejaswini Pola
Tejaswini Pola
Department of Pharmacology, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh -522101, India.
E-mail: polatejaswini2001@gmail.com
Abstract
The
application of cosmetics for the skin started in the Egyptian ages. The protection
of the skin and face is essential for everyone in the modern era because of
various pollutants released into the environment by the technology. Even the
skin can be affected by the UV light directly due to the destruction of Ozone
layer. The various microbial infections caused by the Staphylococcus,
Micrococcus, and Corynebacterium species can affect the skin by
eczema like conditions. Formulate and evaluation of Glycyrrhizic acid from the
liquorice root along with honey and other ingredients on the E.Coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis microorganisms. The face mask was
prepared by mixing the Glycyrrhizic acid and honey in the base contains the
Sodium benzoate, Propylene glycol, HPMC, Tween 80 and perfume. The application of the formulation as the
face mask by using the paper sheet on the skin can be able to moisturise,
protect from UV and also provide anti-microbial activity. The formulation was
evaluated for the organoleptic parameters, pH and antimicrobial activity. The
results show that the formulation exerted significant antimicrobial activity
and non-irritant effects on the skin with the pH 6.8. The zone of inhibition
was observed for the respective microorganism groups. The work concluded that
isolated herbal compounds can improve efficacy and safety when compared with
synthetic molecules which can easily be compatible with the skin.
Abstract Keywords
Anti-microbial
activity, face mask, glycyrrhizic acid, minimum inhibitory concentration,
honey, UV protection
1. Introduction
Herbal
plants have been used in cosmetics since the time of the ancient travellers.
The word "cosmetics" comes from the Latin word “cosmetae," which
was used to refer to the servants who performed the bathing for the men and
ladies of the Roman monarchs [1]. Cosmetics
are defined as "any article meant to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, sprayed
or applied to any area of the human body for washing, beautifying, encouraging
attractiveness or altering the appearance, and includes any material intended
for use as a component of cosmetic [2]. About
67% of consumers globally used various creams and lotions for the sun
protection and protecting the skin from pollutants globally. Mechanism of skin
damage by Environmental irritants, UV rays and pollutants from outdoors and
indoors (smoke, gas, particles, heavy metals, ozone and free radicals) are
involving the breakdown of skin's collagen and elastin, which is accompanied by
hyperpigmentation, inflammation, and dehydration phenomena [3]. The major issues for the skin damage may be
due to the inhibition of enzymes like P53 the formation of the free radicals
are increased which are majorly involved in the damage of the skin [4]. Even sunlight and radiation also involved in
pigmentation due to the production of melanin which is very natural phenomena
to protect the skin from the sunlight [5]. Along
with the external factor’s microorganisms like Staphylococcus species, Bacillus
and Escherichia coli are causing various skin diseases [6]. According to WHO and many other scientists is
doing their research on the plants from the past 10 years. The development of
the new discovery of drugs is about 80 % percent based on the plant origin [7].
2.
Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
Liquorice
Powder, ethanol, concentrated sulphuric acid, glacial acetic acid, sodium
benzoate, glycerine, HPMC 50cps, Propylene glycol, Tween
80 distilled
water, Ammonia purchased from the sigma Aldrich. Nutrient Agar media was purchased from the Hi
media, microorganisms include Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis.
2.2 Extraction of glycyrrhizic
acid
Extraction
of Glycyrrhizic acid: The liquorice
powder (50 g) was mixed with the water, followed by adding sufficient
concentrated sulfuric acid until the pH reached 1-2. At a lower pH, the
Glycyrrhizic acid was precipitated to remove the other mixtures from the
solution, which was subjected to centrifugation for 20 minutes at 4000 rpm.
Discard the sedimented precipitate after the centrifugation. The filtrate was
collected and its pH adjusted up to 7 by adding ammonia (0.5%). To this
solution, add 5 mL of ethanol, which is then subjected to vacuum drying. The
obtained glycyrrhizic acid was subjected to phytochemical screening using the
foam test [8]. For further identification,
TLC was performed by using the mobile phase of butyl alcohol, water, and
glacial acetic acid (7:2:1) for isolation and identification. The Rf value
obtained for glycyrrhizic acid is 0.416 whereas the standard one is 0.42 [9, 10].
2.3 Formulation of face mask
The
formulation of the face mask solution was divided into two phases. The first
phase was preparation of the base and the second was mixing of the active
ingredients into the base solution. The first phase involves the appropriate
above-mentioned substances are mixed in the order including sodium benzoate
> glycerine > HPMC> Propylene glycol one by one with the magnetic
stirrer at 600-800 rpm for 15 min until all the substances are uniformly mixed
properly in a crushed glass motor at room temperature. Make sure that there
will be no clumps formation. The second phase is the main phase because the
glycyrrhizic acid of 2 mg are mixed through vigorous stirring through the magnetic
stirrer. Mix well until a clear solution. The composition of the face mask
mixture is shown in Table 1. The prepared solution was sealed in an air tight
container. During the usage, the plain face mask sheet was taken and soaked in
the solution for about 30 to 60 sec. The mask sheet absorbed the solution then
it was ready for usage. Gently apply the soaked sheet on the face for about 20
-30 minutes to obtain the results [11, 12].
Table 1. Composition of face mask solution
S.
No |
Ingredients |
Quantity
(10 mL) |
1 |
Glycyrrhizic acid |
2.0 mg |
2 |
Honey |
1 mL |
3 |
Sodium benzoate |
0.1 mg |
4 |
Propylene glycol |
1.8 mL |
5 |
HPMC |
1.8 mL |
6 |
Tween 80 |
1.6 mL |
7 |
Perfume |
Sufficient |
2.4 Anti-microbial activity
The
anti-microbial activity was evaluated by using the cup plate method. In this
method, a bore was made with the help of the sterile boarer and placed the test
and standard solutions of 2 µg/ml, 5 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL. Amoxicillin (10 µg/mL)
was taken as the standard drug for the study [13,14].
2.5 Evaluation
Various
tests are performed on the prepared formulation to identify its organoleptic characteristics,
pH, irritancy, compatibility, antimicrobial efficacy and stability as per the
standards [15].
2.6 Organoleptic characters
All
the organoleptic characters are
observed manually to identify colour through visibility, odour through smell
and nature by touching [16].
2.7
pH
The
pH of the formulation was done by the pH meter manufactured by Labtronics which
was calibrated by the buffer solution. Place the electrode in the solution to
obtain values of pH. The values were verified in triplicate and average values
were calculated [17].
2.8 Irritancy test
The
formulated solution was applied to the dorsal surface area of the left hand.
Apply the formulation on the 1sq.cm area for a few min. Check the reactions on
the skin like irritancy, erythema and edema up to 24 hrs [18].
2.9 Stability:
The
face mask solution was stored at different temperatures up to one month period.
After the one-month period, the physical parameters were observed manually if
there is any change in the colour odour, pH or any incompatibility i.e.
separation of the mixtures [19].
3.
Results and discussion
The results show that Fig. 1 was the confirmed test for the saponin glycoside this confirms that the extract contains the saponin glycoside. After the complete extraction the obtained final compound had undergone TLC which shows the luminescent mark on the TLC plate highlighted with the reagent Vanillin-sulphuric Acid. The spot observed under UV chamber confirms that the compound is the glycyrrhizic acid shown in Fig. 2. Formulated face mask solution is shown in Fig. 3 whereas the composition was represented in Table 1.
Figure 1. Foam test for Saponin glycoside
Figure 2. TLC of glycyrrhizic acid
Figure 3.
Glycyrrhizic acid based cosmeceutical formulation
Various
parameters were evaluated for the prepared formulation like colour, odour,
nature, irritancy, pH, compatibility and stability were observed and
represented in Table 2. The results show
that the formulation had brownish orange colour with a pleasant odour and no
irritation. The pH of the formulation is 6.8 which is suitable for the skin pH
with no incompatibility. In Figure 4, 5, 6 and 7 shows the minimum inhibitory
zone for the respective selected concentrations. Table 3 represents the values
of the zone of inhibition which represents the antimicrobial activity shown in
Fig. 8. As per Kowalska et al [20], glycyrrhizic acid had significant activity for skin
protection against UV light radiation. It also has anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant activities which plays a significant role in skin protection. Even
though we had the number of formulations containing liquorice which are
confined to the crude extract. The isolated compound had a significant
therapeutic effect on the skin and easily permeable in nature.
Table 2. Evaluation of glycyrrhizic acid based cosmeceutical
face sheet mask
S.
No |
Parameters
evaluated |
Inference
|
1 |
Colour |
Brownish orange |
2 |
Odour |
Pleasant |
3 |
Nature |
Neutral |
4 |
Irritancy |
No |
5 |
pH |
6.8 |
6 |
Compatibility |
Clear solution |
7 |
Stability |
No change |
Table 3. Anti-microbial activity of glycyrrhizic acid based cosmeceutical face sheet mask
S.
No. |
Organism |
Concentrations
(µg/mL) |
Zone
of Inhibition |
||||
1 |
Staphylococcus
aureus |
2 |
5 |
10 |
1.2 mm |
3.7 mm |
5.1
mm |
2 |
Escherichia
coli |
2 |
5 |
10 |
1.6 mm |
4.6 mm |
6.8
mm |
3 |
Bacillus
subtilis |
2 |
5 |
10 |
3.8 mm |
4.9 mm |
9.5 mm |
4 |
Amoxicillin |
2 |
5 |
10 |
10.5 mm |
12 mm |
12 mm |
Figure 4. Anti-microbial activity of face mask
Figure 5. Anti-microbial activity against Bacillus subtilis against Escherichia coli
Figure 6. Anti-microbial activity against
Figure7. Anti-microbial activity of Staphylococcus aureus amoxicillin
Figure 8: Anti-microbial activity of glycyrrhizic acid
containing cosmeceutical facial mask
4.
Conclusions
The
present research was aimed at screening certain medicinal plants, plant
products and extracts for their antimicrobial activity and skin care products
for easy use and better therapeutic effect, thereby identifying potential plant
extracts for further development as safe, effective, affordable, alternative
therapeutic agents, most likely new antimicrobials and skin care products. The
objectives have been met to an appreciable extent, though further research and
efforts are warranted to realize the absolute goal. Most of the plants under
investigation showed the presence of several bioactive phytoconstituents in
their extracts and were non-toxic. These plants bioactive entities are had
likely potential to be developed as safe and effective antimicrobial
therapeutic agents. Research should continue in formulating such herbal
products like naringin and quercetin compounds along with the other active
ingredients that can change the cosmetic field with safety and prevent adverse
reactions. The present study aimed the identification of individual chemical
constituents and their effect on skin care. It also proves that the active
herbal moieties are underrated as that of the synthetic compounds. As these are
very compatible with the human body that reduces the adverse drug
reactions. As cancers are increasing
globally there should be a need for prophylaxis treatment which can reduce the
incidence of cancer. The molecules having anti-oxidant properties are very usefull
in this era. Nowadays the pollutants and various risk factors of the
microorganisms are achieving resistance towards the existing antibiotics in the
market. There should be extensive research on this issue where the herbal has a
great number of chances for research. This scientific study can serve as an
important platform for the development of inexpensive, safe, effective and
alternative phytomedicines, especially antimicrobials and skincare.
Authors’ contributions
Conceived of the presented
idea,
C.P. and T.P.; methodology developed and
assessed, B.S.C.; supervised the calculations, T.E.G.K.M.; wrote the manuscript,
K.P.C.R.
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to the
management, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla for providing the facilities
to carry out the research work.
Funding
This study doesn’t receive any
funding from any organisation.
Availability of data and materials
All
relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files.
Additional data will be made available on request according to the journal
policy.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have declared that no
competing interests exist.
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Abstract
The
application of cosmetics for the skin started in the Egyptian ages. The protection
of the skin and face is essential for everyone in the modern era because of
various pollutants released into the environment by the technology. Even the
skin can be affected by the UV light directly due to the destruction of Ozone
layer. The various microbial infections caused by the Staphylococcus,
Micrococcus, and Corynebacterium species can affect the skin by
eczema like conditions. Formulate and evaluation of Glycyrrhizic acid from the
liquorice root along with honey and other ingredients on the E.Coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis microorganisms. The face mask was
prepared by mixing the Glycyrrhizic acid and honey in the base contains the
Sodium benzoate, Propylene glycol, HPMC, Tween 80 and perfume. The application of the formulation as the
face mask by using the paper sheet on the skin can be able to moisturise,
protect from UV and also provide anti-microbial activity. The formulation was
evaluated for the organoleptic parameters, pH and antimicrobial activity. The
results show that the formulation exerted significant antimicrobial activity
and non-irritant effects on the skin with the pH 6.8. The zone of inhibition
was observed for the respective microorganism groups. The work concluded that
isolated herbal compounds can improve efficacy and safety when compared with
synthetic molecules which can easily be compatible with the skin.
Abstract Keywords
Anti-microbial
activity, face mask, glycyrrhizic acid, minimum inhibitory concentration,
honey, UV protection
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